Root-knot nematodes are one of the limiting factors in seedling production and new olive gardens establishment in Iran. In view of find resistance cultivars to root-knot nematodes, importance of careful identification of species and races are clarified. In order to investigate root-knot nematodes on olive, soil and root samples of gardens and nursery in Gorgan area were collected. In this study, Meloidogyne incognita was identified based on females and second stage juvenils morphometrical and morphological characters. Stylet length, body length of female nematode, tail and hyaline length of second stage juveniles were shown some differences with original description. In original description, body length of females was 500 to 723 micrometer (609 micrometer average), whereas in under consideration species body length was (512-751) 622 micrometer. In original description tail length of second stage juveniles was (45-52.2) 48.7 micrometer and hyaline was (6.3-13.5) 8.9 micrometer while in investigated species tail length and hyaline were (43.9-55.4) 52.1 and (10.6-14.2) 12.9 micrometer, respectively. In response to differential hosts, the nematode showed a good multiply on tobacco, tomato, pepper and watermelon plants and able to produce knot whereas response cotton and peanut plants were negative. On the basis of morphological and morphometrical characteristics of matured female, perineal pattern, second stage juveniles, and response to differential hosts of M. incognita race 2 was detected.

Quentin Skinner's methodology for understanding political thought has a negative and a positive feature: the negative includes a criticism on the methodology of textual and contextual reading, which has led to illuminating the defects and ambiguities of both and finally underlining their insufficiency in understanding political thoughts. The positive feature is Skinner's own method on the basis of which, for understanding the terminology, concepts and political statements of political thinkers of a particular time, in addition to studying their works and texts and understanding the social and political context of that period, we need to work out their aims and INTENTIONs. In order to reach such an understanding, one should go for understanding intellectual currencies and tendencies, arguments and reasons, and questions and answers (in short, the 'linguistic and Political discourse') current at the time.

Numerous studies have corroborated the importance of metadiscourse in academic writing. As one of the main components of metadiscourse, stance has received fairly extensive attention recently. One of the questions in this regard (with conflicting results) has been the relationship between AUTHOR gender and the use of stance markers. Moreover, the relationship between AUTHOR count and stance markers in research articles has been extremely under-researched. Therefore, this study set out to investigate the relationship of AUTHOR gender and AUTHOR count with stance markers in the applied linguistics research articles. To this end, a corpus of 416 articles (with a total word count of over 2.6 million words) was used for the AUTHOR count question. Of this large corpus, 199 articles were used for the gender-stance investigation. The normalized frequencies of stance markers were extracted using LancsBox corpus analysis software. Then, the obtained data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney test to shed light on the relationship of AUTHOR gender and AUTHOR count with AUTHORial stance. Mixed results were obtained for the relationship of AUTHOR count and AUTHORial stance components (including hedges, boosters, self-mention markers, and attitude markers), while no significant result was obtained for the relationship between gender and stance.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Faramarz - nameh is a collection of verses in praise of the chivalry of faramarz, the son of Rustam in India, put to verses in 7600 couplets and printed in Bombay in 1324 A.H/A.D.1906. Dr. Jalal Khaleqi Mutlaq in the second part to his "Epic Studies" has undertaken to analyze the contents of this collection and in addition, with reference to verse directly quoted from the Faramarz - nameh has attempted to determine the AUTHOR and the period in which it was put to verse. The present study is a continuation of Dr.Khaleqi" s discussions. This researcher has attempted to prove that the AUTHOR of the Faramarz - nameh, Rafi al-Din Marzban - i Farsi was one of the poets of the 12(TH) century who belonged to the Fars province. The Faramarz- nameh was approximately put in to verse in the westem province of Iran approxmately around the year 555 A.H./A.D.1160.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the employment competencies of educational graduates from the perspective of view of employers. This research was applied in terms of purpose and was among the qualitative researches of Grounded Theory type. The participants of this research included 24 employers in the field of educational (interviewers for the Education recruitment exam, directors of non-state educational institutes, directors and recruitment officers of non-state schools, directors of kindergartens and preschools) in Birjand city. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and analyzed by Strauss and Corbin method and using MAXQDA-2020 software. In order to validate the research, two methods of member control and peer review or feedback were used. Consecutive review and comparison of data resulted in the extraction of 28 categories and 6 themes. Data analysis led to the formation of a sub-theory. The model shows that the focal variable is the process of education and teaching skills. The focal variable, under the influence of contextual and intermediate conditions, leads to the formation of the strategies of "being a lifelong learner", "research skills", "planning skills", "classroom skills and classroom management", "purposefulness" and "problem solving skills". became Finally, "increasing employability" was the consequence of this process.

Digital libraries may keep millions of citation records and bibliographic attributes such as title, AUTHORs' names, and the place of publication. Since the materials and contents in digital libraries are taken from diverse and distinct sources, there are some challenges regarding the use of digital libraries. One of the most important challenges is the ambiguity of AUTHORs' names. Although many methods have been proposed for solving the problem of ambiguous AUTHORs' names, their accuracy still must be enhanced. In this paper, an accurate method for AUTHOR name disambiguation is proposed. It combines heuristic hierarchical clustering method and social networks to produce clusters with high accuracy. To evaluate the proposed method, an experiment is conducted using real dataset DBLP. The experimental results show that the accuracy can be enhanced using the proposed method.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory AUTHORity in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the AUTHOR tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the AUTHOR considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.